Oxalic acid is a strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid.

Spinosyn A is a polyketide-derived macrolide produced by Saccharopolyspora spinosa and is an active ingredient in several commercial insecticides.

Mastoparan X is a GTP-binding regulatory protein (G protein)-activating peptide, and a tetradecapeptide from wasp venom. Mastoparan X acts function by the direct activation of G protein that couple to phospholipase C to cause secretion from various kinds of cells.